International Political Economy

Part Perspectives on International Political Economy The first chapter of the text deals with the fundamental nature of International political economy (PIP) and some analytical Issues related to Its multidimensional character. Chapters 2 through 4 are the core chapters of the text that explore the history and policies associated with the three dominant PIP perspectives, namely economic liberalism, mercantilism, and structuralism. These theoretical tools are useful In understanding many political, economic, and social Issues In the global economy of the past as well as the present.Chapter 5 develops two alternative PIP respective?constructivism and feminism?that derive, In part, from the three mall outlooks under study. Chapter What Is International Political Economy? We Are the 99%: A Haitian hillside. Georgian Allen When a philosopher has once laid hold of a favorite principle, which perhaps accounts for many natural effects, he extends the same principle over the whole creation, a nd reduces to it every phenomenon, though by the most violent and absurd reasoning. Our own mind being narrow and contracted, we cannot extend our conception to the variety and extent of nature †¦David Hump, â€Å"The Septic† 2 The Darkness on the Edge of Town he Darkness on the edge of town What are the chances you will find a good paying Job?or any Job for that matter? when you graduate from college In the next few years? Have your parent's or people you know lost their Jobs, the family home, or a big chunk of their retirement savings? How are you adjusting to the financial crisis? Maybe things haven't been that bad for you, yet! Reading the headlines of any major newspaper, you might sometimes worry that the world is on the brink of a global economic catastrophe, if not a second Great Depression.The effects of the global economic crisis have made many people feel ensue, tearful, and depressed. The collapse to the US housing market in 2 morphed into a credit crisis tha t threatened some of the biggest banks and financial institutions in the United States and Europe. Government leaders responded with a variety of bank rescue measures and so-called stimulus packages to restart their economies. These interventions angered many ordinary folks who felt that the bailouts rewarded bankers and Coos who had caused the crisis in the first place.Meanwhile, many people around the world were forced out of their homes and became unemployed. They suffered cuts in social services, health care benefits, and education spending when governments were forced to trim budgets. As we write in late 2012, the hoped-for recovery has proved elusive. Unemployment in the United States is stuck at 7. 9 percent; in the European Union (ELI), it has risen to 1 1. 6 percent (23. 4 percent for young people). Home foreclosures and stagnant incomes continue to place enormous strain on many families' finances.The EX. has fallen into another recession, with countries like Greece, Italy, Spain, and Portugal so deep in debt that they might slide into national bankruptcy, causing the Else's monetary system to collapse. People seem to have lost confidence in national and international political institutions that underpin capitalism and democracy. Is this what the Great Transformation from industrial to post-industrial society was supposed to look like? Are globalization and the so-called â€Å"creative destruction† of new technologies shrinking the middle classes in Western countries and permanently shifting economic dynamism to Asia and Latin America?Adding to the sense of gloom are events around the world in the last few years. High oil prices have benefited giant oil companies while hurting consumers. The giant British Petroleum (BP) oil spill reciprocated an environmental catastrophe in the Gulf of Mexico. Japan's Fuchsia earthquake and tsunami damaged several nuclear power plants, causing release of dangerous radioactive material across a large swath of te rritory. High agriculture commodity prices have raised the cost of food and increased levels of world hunger.Because there has been little progress in reducing reliance on fossil fuels, capping carbon emissions, or investing in alternative energy resources, the threat of catastrophic climate change looms larger. And wars in Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, and the Congo are destroying the livelihoods of millions of people. Hope on the Horizon? Is there only gloom and doom around the globe? Surely, no! As we discuss in Chapter 13, emerging powers such as China, India, Brazil, and Russia have dramatically reduced poverty in the last fifteen years and made it possible for hundreds 4 Chapter 1 of millions of people to Join the middle class.Fortunately, they continued to grow at a fairly robust pace after 2007; more Jobs, investment, and consumption in these countries helped keep the rest to the world trot tailing into a deeper recession. Of most of the last decade, sub-Sahara Africa has als o grown surprisingly fast, thanks n part to high prices for oil and commodities exports. And the European Union won the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize, a reminder that?despite its serious economic and social problems today?the community has advanced the causes of â€Å"peace and reconciliation, democracy, and human rights† for more than sixty years.Along with these rays of hope are three interrelated global developments that merit discussion at the beginning of this textbook because they are profoundly shaping the international political economy: the Arab Spring, the European sovereign debt crisis, and the Occupy Wall Street (SOWS) movement. Taking place on three different continents since 2011, they have shaken political institutions and spurred waves of political protests in response to a variety of social and economic ills. None of us knows how these momentous developments will play out, but we can be sure that they will affect our daily lives and pocketbooks for many years.Each i s a double- edged sword: a potential harbinger of positive change and a potential foreshadowing of worse yet to come. In other words, each development can either help lead to a more stable, prosperous world in which human security is better guaranteed or ender divisions within and between societies wider than before so that cooperative relations and a fairer distribution of resources remain ever more elusive goals. The Arab Spring took the world by surprise?a reminder that social scientists still do not have good tools to predict when and why large-scale changes will occur in complex socio-political systems.On December 17, 2010, a Tunisian street vendor named Mohamed Bouzouki set himself on fire in reaction to harassment by police officers. His death sparked street demonstrations that brought down the Tunisian government one month later. Protests spread like wildfires to other countries in the Middle East and North Africa. After eighteen days of mass demonstrations, Egypt authoritar ian president Hosting Embark resigned on February 11, 2011, replaced by a military council. On February 15, residents of Bengali, Libya, rose up against the regime of Miramar Qaeda.Following months of NATO bombing and rebel fighting, Qaeda was killed on October 20, 2011, and a National Transitional Council took power. The dramatic political protests?which captivated television viewers and Twitter-feed followers around the world?created an opportunity for a number of Arab countries o Join the community of democratic nations. Yet the crackdown in Syria showed the world how determined some authoritarian leaders in the Middle East are to remain in power?even at the expense of killing tens of thousands of their own citizens.With the genie of Arab political opposition out of the bottle, countries in the Middle East and North Africa are rapidly changing. Fortunately, high oil prices and a return to relative stability in many places could improve conditions in 2013. Along with the Arab Spri ng came President Barack Beam's withdrawal of all U. S. Troops from Iraq at the end of 2011. An ignominious end to an imperial endeavor, the withdrawal seemed to signal that the U. S. Public was no longer willing to pay for wars that drain the public treasury.President Obama refocused U. S. Policy on fighting against the Taliban in Afghanistan and ratcheting up pressure on Iran to abandon its effort to develop nuclear weapons. Many analysts believe that Beam's decisions reveal a significant weakening of U. S. Influence in the Middle East. Perhaps to counteract this decline, Obama decided to bolster the American military presence in the Pacific by cultivating ties with countries afraid of China's rise and attaching 2,500 troops permanently in northern Australia beginning in November 2011.A second development?the European sovereign debt crisis?relentlessly gathered steam after 2010 in the face of a prolonged recession that made it hard for some countries to pay back huge loans to dome stic and foreign banks. European Union leaders had hoped to contain the debt problems in Greece and Ireland, but governments in Spain and Portugal also began to have trouble raising new money by issuing new government bonds. All four countries in 2012 had to get financial bailouts in exchange for adopting painful government spending cuts that contributed o high unemployment.Even with help from the European Central Bank, these countries have dire conditions that threaten the stability of the European financial system. Rupee's responses to its debt crisis have stimulated widespread social unrest. Severe austerity measures have spawned street protests throughout the continent and brought changes of government in Greece, Italy, and Spain. Some EX. leaders and analysts believe that the crisis will spur European countries to form closer ties, while others foresee the death of the Euro and the prospect of national bankruptcies as some countries refuse to pay back onerous loans.If problems worsen in France and Italy, the EX. could unravel economically, causing another deep global recession. The crisis is forcing Germany to decide if it is willing to share the costs of making the EX. stronger, or if it will pursue its purely national interests. The outcomes will likely cause changes in Rupee's traditionally generous social programs and in Rupee's influence in the world. A third development started as an anti-wall Street protest in New York City's Cutting Park on September 17, 2011. Two weeks later, the Occupy Wall Street movement had quickly spread to many major U. S. Ties, tit encampments and â€Å"general assemblies† in public spaces. Similar â€Å"occupations† occurred in Europe, Israel, Chile, and Australia. Although the majority of participants in the SOWS social movement have been students, union workers, progressive activists, and the unemployed, their ideas seemed to resonate with a significant number of the middle class. Calling themselves the â €Å"99%† (in contrast to the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans), SOWS protestors criticized financial institutions, condemned Wall Street greed, and called for a reduction of corporate control over the democratic process.Although SOWS encampments disappeared, the movement kook up new campaigns in 2012, including efforts to stop home foreclosures and reduce student debt. What do these three developments have in common? While each has its own causes, the protestors collectively represent a reaction to corrupt government and growing inequality. In three large regions?the Middle East, Europe, and North America?movements sought protection from financial and cultural globalization that left people feeling at the mercy of market forces.In many cases, protestors felt that they were unfairly forced to bail out the wealthy but denied a chance to snare many o governments 6 s to previous growth. Austerity policies that many had adopted since 2008?and even earlier in the Arab countries?cu t into a host of public social programs such as education and relief for the poor. Many disgruntled citizens disagreed with their leaders, who argued that such reductions were necessary to reduce the size of government, balance national budgets, and stimulate economic recovery.While Arabs claimed a political voice that had been squashed by decades of dictatorial rule, Americans and Europeans seemed to demand a new kind of politics freed from the grip of special interests and big money. In all three cases, elites who were supposed to be the experts on political and financial affairs suddenly were at a loss to explain why things had gotten so bad under their watch. With a loss of faith in Arab regimes, EX. leaders, and U. S. Bankers came a certain â€Å"denationalization† of ruling ideologies such as economic liberalism.A new emphasis was placed on democratic participation and economic fairness. Despite a new zeitgeist in the air in three continents, old political and economic institutions were still resilient. Many regimes held firm in the Middle East. American banks grew even egger after government bailouts, and more money than ever poured into the campaign war chests of Democratic and Republican political candidates. EX. political elites continued to make deals that seemed designed to save big investors and banks rather than ordinary citizens.The alternatives to the old did not always promise a better future, either. In the aftermath of the Arab Spring, Psalmists like Egypt new president Mohamed Moors' made their own undemocratic power grabs, seeking to impose religiously conservative policies and weaken women's rights. Reactions against austerity in Europe strengthened extreme right-wing parties in Greece and France while fueling anti-E or secessionist sentiments in the United Kingdom and Catalonia.And by refusing to organize and engage in â€Å"normal† politics, the SOWS forces dissipated?leaving normal two-party gridlock in Washington after t he November 2012 elections. The Road Ahead By discussing above the three big developments, as well as the problems and promises in the global economy, we have hopefully given you a sense of some of the important phenomena we seek to understand in international political economy. Not unsurprisingly, there are fierce debates about the causes of current crises and the best solutions to them.One of the arguments we make in this text is that to adequately describe and explain the current global financial crisis?or any of the other issues covered in the different chapters?we must use an analytical approach that synthesizes methods and insights derived from economics, political science, and sociology as conditioned by an understanding to history and philosophy. As you delve deeper into the material, you will learn a variety of theories and analytical tools that help us interpret the interrelationships of the state, market, and society in different nations.The PIP method bridges different a cademic disciplines to better explain employ, real-world problems that span physical and intellectual boundaries. While this statement might sound a bit formal and confusing at this point, keep in mind that we do not think you need to be an economics major, a specialist in finance, The What, Why, and How of International Political Economy or a Middle East expert to understand the basic parameters of the global financial crisis or the Arab Spring.This book is written for students who have limited background in political science, economics, or sociology, as well as for those who want to review an assortment of topics in preparation for graduate school. In the next section, we look at how to study PIP?its three distinct analytical perspectives and a number of methodological issues with which PIP students should become acquainted. All the chapters in the book cover important theoretical and Policy issues that have connections to the three developments we have mentioned?and to many more. In this way, we hope students might better understand different dimensions of the problems and then make some reasoned Judgments about how to solve them. Later in this chapter, we discuss the popular phenomenon of globalization as a way o introduce students to many of the political-economic conditions that led up to the global financial crisis. Many PIP experts have asserted that the economic liberal ideas behind globalization may have contributed to the crisis. Opinions differ, however, on whether or not the crisis signals the end of laissez-fairer economic policies, or even the end of capitalism itself. He what, why, and how of International Political economy Our discussion of the financial crisis and its consequences makes clear that today's complex issues can no longer be easily analyzed and understood by using any single et of disciplinary methods and concepts. Those who study PIP are, in essence, breaking down the analytical and conceptual boundaries between politics, economic s, and sociology to produce a unique explanatory framework. Following are several examples of questions that traditional academic disciplines might ask as they seek to explain the global financial crisis.Each discipline focuses on different actors and interests: International Relations: How much has the financial crisis detracted from the ability of states to pay for military defense? How has the crisis affected the conditions of war or terrorism in poor states? As Europe, Japan, and the United States struggle, will emerging countries like China, India, and Brazil gain more political influence in international institutions? International Economics: How has the crisis impacted foreign investment, international trade, and the values of different currencies?Comparative Politics: What is the capability of political institutions within different nations to respond to the needs of the unemployed? What new political forces are emerging and with what effects on political coalitions? Sociolo gy: How has the crisis affected consumption trends for different groups such as the upper, middle, and rower classes? How do the effects of inequality vary on the basis of ethnicity and gender? Anthropology: How have different societies in history dealt with crises related to how they allocate scarce resources?And how have these crises impacted their cultures, values, and societal norms? 8 Focusing on a narrow range of methods and issues enhances intellectual specialization and analytical efficiency. But any single discipline offers an incomplete explanation of global events. Specialization promotes a sort of scholarly blindness or distorted view that comes from using only one set of analytical methods and incepts to explain what most decidedly is a complex problem that could benefit from a multidisciplinary perspective.When defining PIP, we make a distinction between the term â€Å"international political economy' and the acronym PIP. The former refers to what we study?commonly re ferred to as a subject area or field of inquiry that involves tensions among states, markets, and societal actors. In this text, we tend to focus on a variety of actors and issues that are either â€Å"international† (between nation-states) or â€Å"transnational† (across the national borders of two or more states).Increasingly today, any analysts use the term â€Å"global political economy' instead of â€Å"international political economy' to explain problems such as climate change, hunger, and illicit markets that have spread over the entire world, and not Just a few nations. In this book, we often use these two terms interchangeably. The acronym PIP also connotes a method of inquiry that is multidisciplinary. PIP fashions the tools of analysis of its antecedent disciplines so as to more accurately describe and explain the ever- changing relationships between governments, businesses, and social forces across history and in different geographical areas.What are some of the central elements of the antecedent melds to study that contribute to IP 7 First, PIP includes a political dimension that accounts for the use of power by a variety of actors, including individuals, domestic groups, states (acting as single units), international organizations, nongovernmental organizations (Nags), and transnational corporations (Tens). All these actors make decisions about the distribution of tangible things such as money and products or intangible things such as security and innovation.In almost all cases, politics involves the making of rules pertaining to owe states and societies achieve their goals. Another aspect of politics is the kind of public and private institutions that have the authority to pursue different goals. Second, PIP involves an economic dimension that deals with how scarce resources are distributed among individuals, groups, and nation-states. A variety of public and private institutions allocate resources on a day-to-day basis in local markets where we shop. Today, a market is not Just a place where people go to buy or exchange something face to face with the product's maker.The market can also be thought of as a driving force that shapes human behavior. When consumers buy things, when investors purchase stocks, and when banks lend money, their dependability transactions constitute a vast, sophisticated web of relationships that coordinate economic activities all over the world. Political scientist Charles Limbo makes an interesting case that the economy is actually nothing more than a system for coordinating social behavior! What people eat, their occupation, and even what they do when not working are all organized around different agricultural, labor, and relaxation markets.In effect, markets often perform a social function of â€Å"coordination without a coordinator. L Third, the works of such notables as Charles Limbo and economists Robert Hellbender and Lester Throw help us realize that PIP does not reflect enough the societal dimension of different international problems. 2 A growing number of PIP scholars argue that states and markets do not exist in a social vacuum. There are usually many different social groups within a state that share identities, norms, and associations based on tribal ties, ethnicity, religion, or gender.Likewise, a variety of transnational groups (referred to as global civil society) have interests that cut across national boundaries. A host of Nags have attempted to pressure national and international organizations on issues such as climate change, refugees, migrant workers, and gender-based exploitation. All of these groups are purveyors of ideas that potentially generate tensions between them and other groups but play a major role in shaping global behavior. How to Study PIP: Contrasting Perspectives and Methodologies The three dominant perspectives of PIP are economic liberalism, mercantilism, and structuralism.Each focuses on the relationships between a va riety of actors and institutions. A strict extinction between these perspectives is quite arbitrary and has been imposed by disciplinary tradition, at times making it difficult to appreciate their connections to one another. Each perspective emphasizes different values, actors, and solutions to Policy problems but also overlooks some important elements highlighted by the other two perspectives. Economic liberalism (particularly unilateralism?see Chapter 2) is most closely associated with the study of markets.Later we will explain why there is an increasing gap between orthodox economic liberals (Eels), who champion free arrests and free trade, and heterodox interventionist liberals (Hills), who support more state regulation and trade protection to sustain markets. Increasingly, Hills have stressed that markets work best when they are embedded in (connected to) society and when the state intervenes to resolve problems that markets alone cannot handle. In fact, many Hills acknowledge that markets are the source of many of these problems.Many liberal values and ideas are the ideological foundation of the globalization campaign. They are derived from notable thinkers such as Adam Smith, David Richard, John Maynard Keynes, Frederica Hayes, and Milton Friedman. The laissez-fairer principle, that the state should leave the economy alone, is attributed to Adam Smith. 3 More recently, economic liberal ideas have been associated with former president Ronald Reagan and his acolytes, who contended that economic growth is best achieved when the government severely limits its involvement (interference) in the economy.Under pure market conditions (I. E. , the absence of state intervention or social influences), people are assumed to behave â€Å"rationally' (see Chapter 2). 10 That is, they will naturally seek to maximize their gains and limit their losses when reducing and selling things. They have strong desires to exchange and to generate wealth by competing with others for sales in local and international markets. According to Eels, people should strongly value economic efficiency? the ability to use and distribute resources effectively and with little waste.Why is efficiency so important? When an economy is inefficient, scarce resources go unused or could be used in other ways that would be more beneficial to society. This idea has been applied to the new global economy and is one of the basic principles behind globalization. Mercantilism (also called economic nationalism) is most closely associated with the political philosophy of realism, which focuses on state efforts to accumulate wealth and power to protect society from physical harm or the influence of other states (see Chapters 3 and 9).In theory, the state is a legal entity and an autonomous system of institutions that governs a specific geographic territory and a â€Å"nation. † Since the mid-seventeenth century, the state has been the dominant actor in the international community based on the principle that it has the authority to exercise sovereignty (final authority) over its own affairs. States use two types of power to protect themselves. Hard power refers to tangible military and economic assets employed to compel, coerce, intelligence, tend tot, or death enemies and competitors.Soft power comprises selective tools that reflect and project a country cultural values, beliefs, and ideals. Through the use of movies, cultural exports and exchanges, information, and diplomacy, a state can convince others that the ideas it sponsors are legitimate and should be adopted. Soft power can in many ways be more effective than hard power because it rests on persuasion and mutual exchange. For example, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Barack Obama partly regained some of the world's support for the United States through a discourse emphasizing multilateral cooperation.Structuralism is rooted in Marxist analysis but not limited to it (see Chapter 4). It looks at PIP issues mainly in terms of how different social classes are shaped by the dominant economic structure. It is most closely associated with the methods of analysis many sociologists employ. Structuralisms emphasize that markets have never existed in a social vacuum. Some combination of social, economic, and political forces establishes, regulates, and preserves them.As we will see in the case of the financial crisis, even the standards used to Judge the effectiveness of market systems reflect the dominant values and beliefs of those forces. The Benefits of PIP Each perspective in PIP sheds light on some aspects of a problem particularly well, but casts a shadow on other important aspects. By using a combination of the three dominant PIP methods and concepts (outlined in Table 1-1), we can move to the big picture?the most comprehensive and compelling explanation of global processes.Not surprisingly, mixing together the disciplines of economics, political science, and sociology gives rise to a n analytical problem: It is difficult to establish a single explanation to any PIP issue because each discipline has its own set of analytical concepts, core beliefs, and methodologies. Does this weaken the utility of PIP? Not at all. We must recognize that PIP is not a â€Å"hard science†; it may never table 1-1 Conflicting Political economic Perspectives about state-market relations in Capitalist societies Monetarism (Orthodox Economic Liberals) Main Ideas aboutCapitalism â€Å"Laissez-fairer†; minimal state intervention and regulation of the economy Keynesian (Heterodox Interventionist Economic Liberals) The state primes (injects money? liquidity) into the economy to restore confidence in it and to stabilize it Efficiency mixed with a variety of state political and social objectives Developmental State Model (Mercantilism) Socialism (Structuralism) Social Democracy (Structuralism) The state plays a proactive role in the economy to guide and protect its major industr ies The state controls the economy. Prices set by state officials. Emphasis on state

Reinhard Heydrich Essay

When we remember or hear of the holocaust, the common names that follow , Anne Frank, Oscar Shinler, Hitler and so on, but has anyone hare Hitlereard of Reinhard Heitritch? Reinhard Heitritch is a man who played a very large role in the developement of the holocaust, he was the achitect who implemented the solution to the â€Å"Jewish Question†. He started out by joining the SS in 1931, and formed an organization for gathering information, the SD (Sicherheitsdienst), or SS Security Service. This organization was created to organize and gather information on those who were any threat to Hitler and all members of the Nazi Party as well. It started out small, with a single typewriter but it was not long before many others joined and expanded onto the organization. Because of the SD or SS security Service and it’s success, ReinHard Heydrich was sent the direction of his own personal success, power, and role in the hollocaust. From joining the SS as an ordinary SS member, to being promoted as SS Major by Dec. 1931 (the same year he joined), SS Colonel in 1932, and SS Brigadier General in 1933. In this highest position, Heydrich was now arresting, instead of gathering information on those who were any threat to Hitler. The number of people Reinhard Heydrich arrested was massive and lead to many being put into Dachau for there was no room left in the prisons. In between the arrests, Heydrich began using greater punishment to anyone against Nazism. Such as murdering and torturing suspect who he selected without careful judgement. As his power increased, along with the power of the Nazis, so did the darkness inside of him as a Nazi. Reinhard Heydrich had slowly become more and more involved in the developement of the first steps of the hollocaust, and also the seconf world war. As the Nazis took over Austria in March 1938, Heydrich opened an office there for Jewish Emigration. It’s purpose was to give permits to Jews who wanted to leave Austria, and an estimate of 100, 000 emigrated. Reinhard Heydrich had also been part of Kristallnacht, what some say was the very start of the hollocaust. After the attack of the jews, 25, 000 Jewish men were ordered by Heydrich to be sent to concentration camps In 1941, Reinhard Heydrich had made the calls that killed a massive number of people. The half a million jews who died from starvation and murder in Ghettos such as Warsaw and Krakow were ordered by Heydrich to be sent there. By 1939, he was given complete control over the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA). This final group he’d gained power over, involving the SD, Criminal Police and Gestapo was the group responsible for the unthinkable amount of deaths in Europe. While leader of this organization, he’d now been attending important Nazi conferences. While at a conference on January, 20, 1942, Reinhard Heydrich declared the final solution to the Jewish question The usage of Zyklon-B had then been decided for the extermination of Jews at death camps after being deported to the east. The first camp that this methode began at was Auschwitz, where three million had been killed, most from gas chambers. That was Reinhard Heydrich’s rise to power, his role and impact on the developement on the holocaust. Froming joining the SS to announcing the â€Å"final solution† at a Conference, it’s absolutely scary how simple it was for a man to reach the positions he did, and leave such an inconceivable mark in the history of the world. What is also just as terrifying and inconceivable is that Reinhard Heydrich also had a family that he loved very much and he played a very peaceful instrument. When learning that Heydrich had a gentle, innocent and loving side to him outside of his work, it’s very difficult to think he had it, while knowing what this man did. This is why i created this model, to demonstrate the two opposite sides to him, and my wonder (Like Mr. Jarvis talked about before) how he could switch his mind and heart when coming home to a normal life with his family, after designing a plan to kill an unthinkable amount of people. People who could have been almost identical to the people he loved at home. At the back, this is a picture of the car he’d been assassinated in. The constant power he’d been gaining along the way to the position where he declared the â€Å"final solution†, made him over confident, arrogant and stubborn. He one day decided to leave his house in his car without any security, and was assassinated by Czech underground agents who threw a bomb at his car. The bomb injured him badly and he died days later in the hospital from blood poisoning, he died on June 4 1942.

Chemical Reaction Essay

Chemical Reactions Lab Objectives: 1. To examine a variety of reactions including precipitation, acid-base, gas forming, and oxidation-reduction reactions. 2. To identify the products formed in these reactions and summarize the chemical changes in terms of balanced chemical equations and net ionic equations. 3. To identify the species being oxidized and reduced in oxidation-reduction reactions and determine which species is the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent. Chemical equations represent what occurs in a chemical reaction. For example, the equation HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) describes an acid-base reaction, a type of exchange reaction in which the driving force is the formation of water. In an exchange reaction, the anion of one reactant changes places with the anion of the other reactant. Most exchange reactions take place in aqueous solutions. Other types of exchange reactions include precipitation and gas forming reactions. When a solution of lead (II) nitrate and sodium s ulfate are mixed, you observe that a precipitate is formed. What is the identity of the precipitate and what is the balanced molecular equation and net ionic equation describing this reaction? To determine the answers to these questions, you must first be able to write the CORRECT FORMULAS for the reactants and the products for this reaction. The following represents these formulas in an unbalanced chemical equation: Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → PbSO4 + NaNO3 Which product is the precipitate? One cannot know the answer to this question without using the solubility rules (Tro text, Table 4.1, p. 136). By using this table it can be determined that PbSO4 is an insoluble salt whereas NaNO3 is soluble. Consequently, one can write the subscripts for the products indicating which product is the precipitate. Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → PbSO4 (s) + NaNO3 (aq) Is this equation balanced? No. So, it now needs to be balanced. Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq) To write the net ionic equation, the above equation should be written as a complete ionic equation and then the spectator ions (the underlined ions) are cancelled. Pb2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) So, the net ionic equation for this precipitation reaction is: Pb2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) → PbSO4 (s) Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions are another important class of chemical reactions. In redox reactions electrons are transferred from one substance to another. For example, if a copper wire is placed in a solution of silver nitrate a redox reaction occurs and silver metal is formed along with copper (II) nitrate. Oxidation numbers: (0) (+1) (+2) (0) Molecular equation: Cu (s) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 Ag (s) (0) (+1) (+2) (0) Net ionic equation: Cu (s) + 2 Ag+ (aq) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2 Ag (s) The oxidation numbers for the metallic elements in this equation (See oxidation number rules, Tro text, p. 148) show us that copper metal is being oxidized while the silver ion is being reduced. Copper is therefore the reducing agent while silver nitrate is the oxidizing agent. PROCEDURE YOU NEED TO WEAR GOGGLES AT ALL TIMES WHILE PERFORMING THIS EXPERIMENT. Chemical waste can be disposed of in the waste beakers supplied in the hoods. Part I: Exchange Reactions: 1. Obtain 7 small, clean test tubes. For the purposes of this lab, the test tubes need only be clean, not totally dry. A hose connected to the air supply in the hood may be used to quickly remove most water from the test tubes. 2. Place 10 drops of 0.5 M CaCl2 into each of the 7 test tubes. 3. Next, add 10 drops of 0.5 M solutions of each of the following solutions to the indicated test tubes, and record your observations. Allow at least 5 minutes for reactions to occur before disposing your solutions. Test Tube 1 2 MgSO4 (NH4)2C2O4 3 KNO3 4 Na3PO4 5 KBr 6 NaOH 7 K2CO3 4. Dispose of the solutions and any precipitates in the waste beakers located in the hoods. Wash your test tubes with soap and water. Rinse with tap water, then deionized water. 5. Add an amount equivalent to the size of a small pea of baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) to a clean test tube. Add 10-20 drops of vinegar. (Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid, HC2H3O2). Record your observations. 6. IN THE HOOD, add an amount equivalent to the size of a small pea of sodium sulfite, Na2SO3, to a test tube. Add 10-20 drops of 6 M HCl. Record your observations. 7. Put 10 drops of 0.5 M nitric acid and 10 drops of 0.5 M phosphoric acid into separate test tubes. Add 1 drop of phenolphthalein to each test tube. Add drops of dilute (0.5 M) sodium hydroxide solution into each of the test tubes until a permanent color change is observed. (NOTE: Phenolphthalein is an acid-base indicator that is colorless in acidic and neutral solutions, but pink in basic solutions). HINT: When writing your net ionic equations: nitric acid is a strong acid while phosphoric acid is a weak acid. Part II: REDOX REACTIONS: 8. Add a small piece of zinc to a test tube containing 30 drops of 6 M HCl and record what happens. 9. Add a 1 inch piece of copper wire to a test tube containing 30 drops of 6 M HCl and record what happens. (Is copper an active metal or inactive metal with HCl? Look up an activity series of metals online to check). 10. IN THE HOOD, take a 2 inch piece of magnesium ribbon and hold it with a pair of crucible tongs. Light the magnesium metal with a Bunsen burner and record your observations. DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE BURNING MAGNESIUM. LABORATORY REPORT Students will write an individual or group laboratory report at the discretion of the professor. Include the following information in your laboratory report, due at the beginning of the laboratory period next week. 1. Title. Title of the experiment, your name, your partner’s name and the date the laboratory was performed. 2. Introduction. This will be your opportunity to practice writing introductions. The introduction to the lab should be about chemical reactions in general (why they are important, examples of specific types of chemical reactions such as combustion, precipitation, redox, etc.), not about how to write and balance an equation. For complete guidelines, go to â€Å"Laboratory Reports† on the Chem 1061 website. 3. Experimental Details. A description of the procedure you followed to produce the experimental data and results. Alternatively, you may reference the procedure by citing the URL’s (web addresses). 4. Results. A table or tables of your experimental data, clearly labeled with the proper units. Remember to use subscripts and superscripts where appropriate (examples: cm3 or H2O). A neat table which includes your observations from the precipitation reactions (steps 2-3) should be included in a results section as well as any observations from the remainder of the reactions in parts I and II. 5. Discussion and Conclusion. For all the reactions observed (exchange reactions and redox), write the balanced molecular equation and net ionic equation for each reaction. For each reaction, place phase labels, [(s), (l), (g), or (aq)], after each reactant and product. In addition, for the redox reactions in part II, indicate which reactant is the oxidizing agent and which one is the reducing agent. There is no need to write equations for combinations that produced no reaction. For each reaction that you observed and for which you write equations, you may provide any additional insights that you have into the reaction (was it easy/hard to observe, interesting things to note, etc.). You will also want to correlate things learned or observed with what you discussed in the introduction about reactions in general. 6. References. Citations and references to any sources you may have used for the introduction or to perform, complete, or analyze the results of the lab. 7. Follow your instructor’s directions for submission of this lab report. If you submit by email, please attach a single file with a filename convention of Lastname Firstname Reactions and a subject line of â€Å"Chem 1061: Reactions Lab†.

Comparison of research articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparison of research articles - Essay Example It is therefore important to carry out an analysis that will show the relationship between vaccination and autism. As such, this article examines two articles that tend to explain the existing relationship between autism and vaccination or immunization. According to Doja and Roberts, autism is basically a neuro-developmental disease that is prevalent among young children, involving behavior deficits (2006). As such, it can be identified that autism disorder occurs among small children and could thus cause complications more so in terms of the children’s communication, interests and behaviors. Notably, whereas an autistic child with low functioning could possess below average cognitive ability and have an injurious attitude, an autistic child with high functioning is most likely to possess a high level of cognitive ability, high communication and verbal skills as well as develop strong relationship tie with peers, family and teachers. Essentially, the article by Gerber and Offit points out that in 1998, Wakefield, et al., published a report which aimed at proving that there was an existing positive relationship between measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), and autism (2009). To illustrate, the article states that Wakefield et al. carried a study which showed that several children developed autistic symptoms just one month after being given the MMR vaccine. Comparatively, Doja and Roberts identifies that Wakefield et al.’s study was done on 12 children that had normal development before undergoing MMR vaccination (2006). Thus, this article states that after undergoing the vaccination, the children were observed to have several abnormalities and complications such as abdominal pains, diarrhea, food intolerance as well as bloating. Furthermore, Wakefield stated that the children who undertook the MMR vaccination experienced behavioral difficulties that depicted the existence of autism (qtd. in Gerber & Offit, 2009; Do ja &

Portfolio 02243 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Portfolio 02243 - Essay Example Thus, our family have to learn English for meeting the global requirement. However, being the native peoples we were facing the challenges of speaking English correctly. In terms of learning English or other foreign languages like German and Spanish my Mandarin pronunciation got inaccurate and my parents helped me a lot to rectify the languages (Grainger, 2014). My education emphasised on the first language Mandarin which is my native language. I have faced multilingual issues in the Jiangsu are different languages are used by the local peoples. I observed that the maximum peoples of my school are using Mandarin languages, some of them using English, German and Spanish to communicate with the others. From the age of 12, I selected German as my second foreign language. However, I faced intense complexity in learning the foreign language in classrooms. Major I faced problem was the accent of German language. Very less number of peoples was using the language thus I did not have the scope of learning the methods of oral communication. Teachers were just teaching us the methods like paraphrase of Chinese and German, and some basic grammars. I have started to communicate with European classmates to improve my accent of English and German. Discussion helped me to gain insight on various critical incidences and cross cultural traits. The discussion of CT 5 provided me with the details of Mr J and Mr S. From the discussion it is observed that Mr J is working in a foreign country which unfamiliar to him as per the culture and languages. Mr J took the help of the Mr S to understand the culture of the new country. However, it is also observed that the culture of Mr S is empowering the hangouts and spending time with friends and acquaintance. They can interact with the immigrant or the foreign country members very easily and they are very helpful (Beausaert, Segers and Gijselaers, 2011). Culture of the country

Ethical Behavior of Employee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethical Behavior of Employee - Essay Example Menzel’s compliance model suggests that the employee’s conduct is regulated to spur obedience to minimum standards and legal prohibitions; what the law says, what the rules mean, and what one needs to do (Ethical Moments in Government page number). Employees must abide by the applicable rules and practices to stay out of trouble. If they break the rules, they will be subject to punishment. Punishment would be harsh to those who break the rules with willful intention and less harsh if the rules are broken due to ignorance (Menzel, â€Å"PM Plus†). In sharp contrast, Menzel’s integrity-based model is value driven, not rules driven. It combines the awareness of public service ethos, ethical standards, and legal prohibitions, as well as the process of moral reasoning to inspire exemplary actions and ethical conduct (Menzel, Ethical Moments in Government page number). Values may differ depending on the mission, leadership, incentives, awareness, education, and training, aspirations, and culture (Menzel, â€Å"PM Plus†). The employee must choose what is right and what is wrong depending on these considerations. Let us take the city manager’s ethical dilemma here. From a strict compliance point of view, the city manager has no deal with the neighboring community. A verbal agreement is not enforceable under law or under contract in such a situation. As there is no compliance-based ethical issue here, he could go back on his word with the neighboring community and accept the higher offer from his own community without violating professional ethics.

Nazi Germany and Soviet Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nazi Germany and Soviet Union - Essay Example However, the two ideologies are very uncongenial towards each other but it is interesting to see the extent they differ and share mutual bases as well. The most important and the most distinct similarity between the two rivals is the concept of Totalitarianism. Totalitarianism is an extremely concentrated and centralized scheme of government that regards the eudemonia and wellbeing of state and the basic ideology of the government the most. The nation and the governing political organization intertwine and turn into unit comprising of a single potent individual fig representing this strong bonding or union. This mighty figure is the focus or the centre point of the state (Stackelberg, 2007). A totalitarian government makes sure that vast regime setup and apparatus is readily available to the state in order to sustain its upper hand, mightiness, and its prestige and stature in the world. This may include aggregated media support and huge police and army force that are set free to function in and out the boundaries of world’s law. According to the above criteria, both the Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union enjoyed being strictly totalitarian states. Both of them at the apex of their societal and political might and prowess savored outright power throughout the world and idolization within the boundary of the state. The two states, demolished every possible threat that was most likely to hinder their path to ultimate power and prestige. They had exclusive control over the aggregated media of the world like newspapers, televisions, radios etc. They had all the means to control the way people used to think and they were quite successful at it. Still there exists a major difference about how the two did become totalitarian regimes. Stalin’s Soviet Union appeared as a totalitarian state in no time. The first head of state of USSR, Lenin, insisted on revolutionary societal change as the

DNA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DNA - Essay Example Production of gametes through meiosis A basic tenet of embryology is the fusion of a male and a female gamete in the process called fertilization. The gametes are haploid cells that are produced in the testes and ovaries of the father and mother, respectively. They are produced in a cell division process called meiosis. This process is special because each of the resulting daughter cells contains just half of the chromosomes of the parent cell. In effect, a child receives 50% of each of the parent’s genetic material. Briefly, it involves two major processes, Meiosis I and then II, each composed of the usual processes of (1) prophase that prepares for (2) metaphase, in which the chromosomes meet in the middle, (3) anaphase, whereby the chromosomes separate and go to two opposite ends of the dividing cell, and (4) telophase, in which the cell membranes separate to ultimately produce the daughter cells. Initially, the gonium is a diploid cell (chromosome number (n) = 46) with rep licated chromosomes in the form of sister chromatids. After Meiosis I, the daughter cells are already haploid (n = 23), because what is separated during Anaphase I are the pairings of homologous chromosomes. Each chromosome carries genes for specific traits, and each chromosome of a homologous pair thus carries an allele per trait. In contrast, during Anaphase II, the sister chromatids separate, producing haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes. Ideally, 4 daughter cells are produced per meiosis of a –gonium, and this is what happens in the production of sperm cells. However, in the case of female gamete formation, 2 daughter cells (1 from meiosis I and 1 from meiosis II), only 1 oocyte is produced from a cycle of meiosis (Campbell and Reece, 2002). DNA replication occurs in preparation for cell division How does DNA replicate? A part of the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) unwinds, allowing DNA polymerase and DNA ligase to get into what is known as the replication bubble. The DNA polymerase adds the complement of each nucleotide in the parent strand, completing the whole length of the strands to produce two semi-conservative dsDNA, each composed of a parent strand and a daughter strand. Eventually, these two identical dsDNA, takes the form of sister chromatids, which are separated during mitosis, the somatic cell replication. The resulting daughter cells thus get identical copies of DNA, which is an exact match to the parent cell (Campbell and Reece, 2002). DNA is the genetic code that directs all cellular function Why is it necessary for each cell to bear DNA? The DNA, housed in the nucleus, is the template to produce messenger RNA (mRNA) through a process called transcription. In this process, a transcription factor recognizes the TATA sequence 25 nucleotides upstream from the transcriptional start point. This initiates the binding of RNA polymerase II to the DNA, and binding of additional transcriptional factors, opening up the double strand to produ ce the pre-RNA strand from 5’ to 3’. The pre-mRNA then peels off from the DNA template, and it complete detaches hundreds of nucleotides after reaching the terminating AAUAAA sequence. This undergoes further

Managing marketing relationships Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Managing marketing relationships - Article Example Finally, revenue does not necessarily increase with time for all types of customers (Reinartz & Kumar, 2000). But relationship marketing still has been adopted with aim to: build grater customer loyalty and relation; develop methods of creating longer term relationships; Lead ultimately to increase sales and profits. To build up customer loyalty, three kinds of marketing tools were designed: economic, psychological (creating links) and structural (partnerships) (Berry and Parasumaran, 1991). In order to increase loyalty relationship marketing has came into existence.Relationship marketing has been defined by Gronroos (1990, 1991, 1994) who has consistently argued for the importance of ensuring that relationships with customers should be continuously developed: "Marketing is to establish, maintain and enhance relationships with customers and other partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of the parties involve are met. This is achieved by a Mutual exchange and fulfillment of prom ises." Gronroos argues that all marketing strategies lie on a continuum ranging from transactional to relational marketing where relationship marketing can be judged in terms of measures of customer retention rather than marketing share. RM requires the effective acquisition and retention of customers for the building of a more efficient operation and ultimately, a stronger competitive position. Now being familiar with a bank doing retail banking in the country, and having 500 branches and over 2 million customers. I will try to discuss the relationship marketing strategies for the particular bank. It is an important aspect of retail banking to... The reasoning behind retaining the customer is simple i.e. if we want to be profitable and increase it, hold on to the good customers. To identify the good customers’ bank has divided the customers in several tiers in terms of profitability and that these tiers often have quite different service expectations and needs. According to Valarie Zeithaml, Roland Rust and Katharine Lemony (2001) it’s critical that organizations must understand the needs of customers. Customers within different profitability tiers and adjust their service level accordingly. Bank has developed customers around various levels of contribution, different needs (including sensitivities to such variables as price, comfort and speed) and identifiable personal profiles such as demographics. Bank has stratified its customers according to their requirements. At the top level, customers, who constitute a very small percentage of a bank’s customer’ base. They are heavy users of services and c ontribute a large share of the profits generated in the bank. Typically this segment is relatively less price sensitive but expects highest service levels in return and is likely to willing to invest in and try new services. The next tier forms a larger percentage of customers than the top one’s and contributes less profit to the bank in comparison to top ones. They tend to be slightly more price sensitive and less committed to the firm. The third level of customers provides the bulk of customer base.

To advise on a suitable investment portfolio and investment management Essay

To advise on a suitable investment portfolio and investment management strategy - Essay Example uilding, specifically of a denomination with an Episcopal hierarchy (such as the Roman Catholic Church or the Anglican churches), which serves as the central church of a bishopric. As cathedrals are often particularly impressive edifices, the term is sometimes also used loosely as a designation for any large important church. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral) For decades, the Wyechester Cathedral has been playing an important role in our society. Like every organization, it also needs funds to operate in an effective and efficient manner. Primarily, churches are the responsibly of our government to bear their expenses. But, generally, they receive donations from individuals and organizations to run their business. For the betterment of people and our society, the Wyechester Cathedral has been involved in several activities; it ties to focus on all the important aspects of our society such as environment, people, services, art and heritage. The Wyechester Cathedral raised an appeal for funding and received a significant amount of  £7 million in a short period. As soon as it received the funds, the cathedral has invested in a few very important projects that need to be started as soon as possible. The amount of the investment was  £3 million. Now, the cathedral only has  £4.5 million that need to be invested in a proper manner so that it can run their operations and bear the expenses, including the bishop’s palace expense, throughout the year. The church has also bought a building at an ideal location for its priceless collection of ancient books and manuscripts. The cost of the deal was  £1.8 million – a pretty low cost as compared to the current market value. In order to run its operation, the cathedral should have a solid investment portfolio to survive on its own. â€Å"A portfolio is merely a combination of resources. Portfolio theory illustrates how an investor can attain his best possible portfolio position. Portfolio theory is depends upon the statement